The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation And Company X Management Essay

The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation And Company X Management Essay Company X produces a line of audio products for the industry professional and prides themselves on the efforts to provide the highest quality available. Furthermore, the company touted high production standards while attaining their goals. Implementation of a newly-designed production process to enable employees to achieve their production goals occurred and their efforts have not been successful. Observations have included a lack of effort to master the process, deficiency in reaching those goals by those who have mastered it, and a lack of concern regarding goal achievement from individuals who are regularly top producers. Through interviews and informal conversations that were conducted, employee concerns were expressed and the result has been a breakdown in the relationships and components in the expectancy theory of motivation. The attitude of Company Xs production staff and the lack of motivation to complete goals is a direct result of a breakdown in the relationships within th e expectancy theory of motivation. Building the Expectancy Theory of Motivation Definition Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivation relates that employees within an organization will be motivated when they hold certain beliefs to be true. The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of the outcome to the individual (Robbins Judge, 2007). The theory is comprised of three relationships, or variables, that behave much like a chain. When all three are successfully satisfied, then motivation is fully achieved. When one of the relationships is broken or out of sync, then it is not. The result is a combined lack of efficiency, minimum effort, and no goal attainment. Component 1: Expectancy Expectancy is built upon the belief that effort exerted will beget recognition of favorable performance. Several factors can interfere with this piece of the motivation equation. These variables include the belief that a worker has the skills and ability to perform their tasks successfully, how difficult the goals are to achieve and where they fall in relation to the workers expectations, and whether there is any control over their performance. For example, if a departments members share the belief that no matter how hard they work, the likelihood of getting a good performance appraisal is low, then motivation will be low due to a low level of expectancy (Robbins Judge, 2007). Component 2: Instrumentality Instrumentality is defined as the belief that if a person meets or exceeds expectations, then they receive a greater reward than those who do not. Instrumentality will be low if the rewards follow all levels of performance with no distinction between what is acceptable and unacceptable. It is influenced greatly by the trust employees have in their leaders and the likelihood that the promises of reward for good performance is believable. Another factor that determines the level of instrumentality present is demonstrated when the workers do not trust the leaders, yet have the ability to control the rewards system through another means. This control raises instrumentality. Policies also affect instrumentality; the formal documentation of pay and other rewards and benefits contributes to raising levels of instrumentality. Component 3: Valence The third component within the expectancy theory of motivation is valence. Valence is the level of value that an individual places on the rewards as a function of their needs, goals, and values. The employees preferences will determine the level of valence present for motivation. If the worker desires a certain reward but receives another, the level of valence will be lower. Higher levels of valence are present when the understanding of the individual employees goals are understood by their leader and are then considered along with the relationship between their efforts and performance. Good effort equates to good performance when a strong relationship is present (Robbins Judge, 2007). Correcting the Motivation Problem Company X is experiencing dysfunction within the expectancy theory of motivation and thusly, motivation is low. The workers are not motivated to expend the extra effort to meet the high standards and production goals as a result. Expectancy is low, as are the levels of instrumentality and valence. Correcting these problems is achieved by addressing concerns to raise the levels of these three variables. Raising Expectancy Levels Expectancy levels at Company X are suffering. The employees do not put any extra effort into mastering the new production process and those who have done so are not putting forth the effort to achieve goals as the company has directed. Some of the employees stated that they cant be successful because they do not believe they have the skills to do so. Suggestions to correct these problems would include providing extra training time to enable the employees to gain the hand dexterity they believe they are lacking. This would boost their confidence in the new process and give them the tools to achieve the new goals while fostering the belief that the goals are realistic to meet. Boosting their skills and ability to complete the tasks successfully leads to higher performance and also returns control of their perceived performance levels back to the employees. Raising Instrumentality Levels Instrumentality levels are faltering at Company X as well. In Supervisor Bs informal conversations with Supervisor As employees, it is noted that there is no difference in salary increases for workers who meet departmental goals and those who do not. Workers feel as if they are resigned to the rewards system currently in place and they dont see a difference in salary increases or bonuses based on merit. Recognition is therefore non-existent, and the reward for all employees regardless of performance sends the wrong message. Workers do not have to meet goals to receive rewards and they are not motivated to work to attain the higher standards. In fact, salary is only affected if performance is very slow. Because the employees do not feel the recognition for a job well done co-exists with more stringent guidelines for when a poor job is done, they do not put forth the extra effort. This relationship in the expectancy theory is broken. An improved system of handling performance appraisals needs to be implemented. Ideally, it would better recognize those individuals who are putting in extra efforts to ensure that goals are being met while providing feedback for low-performers on areas for improvement. Employee incentives like raises and bonuses would be contingent on meeting or exceeding certain criteria. In restructuring, use performance appraisals, or individual performance in tandem with departmental and production goals to better challenge and reward the workers. A low performance appraisal and poor or mediocre performance would not be rewarded at the same levels as those with high-scored performance appraisals and above average production. By creating a tiered bonus system, the bonuses would be larger and create a desire to attain that level of reward. Once this occurs and is formally documented within the company policies, instrumentality levels rise and are corrected because confidence and trust in their lead ers would be restored. Raising Valence Further discussions with Supervisor As employees uncovered a break in the third piece of the expectancy theory of motivation, valence. The rewards offered by the company do not meet the personal goals of the workers. The bonus offered to employees is too small after taxes and the workers perception is that it is not worth their effort; after taxes come out of their bonus, overtime pay surpasses the amount a bonus would provide. This information explains yet another key breakdown in the expectancy theory of motivation. The system is in need of restructuring so that the bonus meets the personal goals of the production workers. The Whats in it for me? question needs a suitable answer that does this. If an employee is interested in a promotion, bonus, raise, or otherwise, its important that their feedback is taken into consideration in offering a reward that has personal value for the workers. Boosting the valence level is satisfied and once the variables of value, needs, goals, and preferences are met, motivation will increase. Conclusion The problem is three-tiered but in working within the three relationships and by breaking down each piece, the leaders at Company X can boost motivation by raising the three levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. By following a checklist of issues to address, arising from the theory itself, and by bestowing rewards in an appropriate fashion, the leader is enabled to adopt [an] influence strategy that enhances levels of personal motivation (Zerbe et al, 2001). Because an employees expectancy her or his judgment about the attractiveness and probability of a prospective reward strongly influences that persons willingness to take on a new task, the result will be more effort expended by the workers to meet goals they perceive as attainable (Newstrom, 2007).

Japan’s Anime: Implications on Western Society Essay

Anime, which is short for Japanese animation, is an element in Japanese pop culture that is acclaimed for its global impact. With origins from the manga or Japanese art of comics and cartoon pictures and now significantly contributing to film and games production; it is not only bringing in market influences but is also contributing significantly to Western culture. In this essay, I would like to share some ideas about the roles of anime, a supposedly Japanese artifact in the transformation of a seemingly distant Western society. A few assumptions have to be established prior to elaborate discussions on the matter. First, anime must be viewed as a result of Japan’s endeavor to offer a different way of telling stories that allowed the artists to enjoy creativity in character building and imagination in choosing location. Second, initially created for their locales, it reflects both social limitations of and desires of its people in relation to history. Hence, anime is telling more about their past and its present implications. Third, with globalization’s power to cross borders, through open market and information and communications technology, anime’s popularity in Europe is a manifestation of transculturalism. Fourth, there is growing debate about the source of this anime popularity among Westerners and even postmodernists too started deconstructing this Japanese Art and relate its subjects and characters to critical socio-political and economic themes such as gender and identity. Anime also enabled outsiders’ exploration of Japan culture and history by seeing through their stories. Fifth, anime may have missed essential elements due to translations in language to cater to its foreign audience. Yet again, the effort to do so shows the interest in knowing foreign interpretation of life, and perhaps if it is attractive to the audience, then the latter must have agreed to the elucidation made thereof. These assumptions help us in generating our thesis statement, which is that anime, has its local purpose whose inherent characteristics although might have been owed to the creator are nonetheless historically and socially bound. Capitalism and the interest in profit might have encouraged countries across the globe to invest in it such that the classic in anime becomes a distinctive option for Westerners. Its popularity nonetheless is predicted to be influencing most especially the youth in terms of lifestyles, views and behaviors. This forecast makes scholars analyze anime’s content and opine about its transformative power in other nation’s culture while some even went to reading its gender issues, power relations, and philosophical renditions. For me, it is the diversity of analytical interests that emerged from ANIME that truly increased its transformative role in Western societies. Because anime’s Western adaptation became successful (e. g. Astro Boy, Pokemon, etc), it was thought to be potentially profitable. Westerners have always been curious about the Asian country that used to challenge superpowers- Japan. Anime to them was exposing a lot about Japan culture. Japan’s homogenous society and constancy in traditions either is remarkable for Westerners or naive-either way, it has stirred human interest and curiosity. If anime is an imported product, it will be bought because it is from JAPAN- the meaning is both socio-cultural and economic. The will to understand anime beyond the visual images led them to study Japanese language. In pop culture, growing imitation is a measure of success. In the United States and Europe, animators have emulated the methods, styles and gags in anime. This certainly required expertise from the artists that are never better without collaboration with the Japanese animators and filmmakers. Not only are the anime drawings the source of inspiration but also the taglines and cliches in anime that were borrowed in animated TV series in the US. The growing number of anime fanatics triggered the foundation of conventions where Japanese writers, directors and artists are invited to speak or lecture. They enjoy dressing up like the anime characters and attend in the so-called cosplay. In schools and universities, anime clubs gain prominence and so are seminars engaging understanding of Japan. Anime also provided options for the youth in Western societies who became tired of their own culture. Japan’s image became a perception of the future, the untold and the daring as exemplified in Akira by Otomo Katsushira that was shown in US and Europe in 1990. The Western youth have always desisted cultural resistance and are easily disillusioned by politics but anime gave them a fresh image of robotic, merciless youth in the postmodern era. Anime then has transformed Western culture in a phenomenon referred to as the transmission of thoughts, culture and politics from East to West. An essential component of one’s belief system is ideology or at least a set of ideas. Behaviors are affected by the specific belief system. Should there be a specific group’s belief system, it forms part of a given culture. The belief system of the Japanese youth was described in the â€Å"Kawaii style† in the mid 1970s or the Japanese cute. Kawaii means â€Å"cute† in English, which portrays a childlike character having the innocence, simplicity, gentleness, and amiability of a child. It is represented by pink romanticism to a funny genderless style. It became a means for the youth to express in an ambiguous manner, how adulthood means having the authority, knowledge, skills and experience to be able to cooperate in the society and fulfill responsibilities and obligations, but fails enormously. Childhood is seen as a place of individual freedom, which is unreachable nonetheless while condemning the adulthood. Kawaii fashion and lifestyle was used as a form of rebellion from the Japanese youth. This style was mimicked by the Western youth who apparently was able to confirm their views on realities of life through the Japanese genre. European women started creating the â€Å"Riot girls† style wearing baby-doll attires with boots and other masculine accessories. From America to United Kingdom, bands with members exemplifying Japanese cute became popular. Hence, the impact of Japan’s culture has created lifestyles in Western society that mirrors common sense of individualism, of the dynamism of youth and capacity for change. Anime that concentrates on visual images drawn manually yet skillfully in frames is characteristic of simplicity and magic. Of particular importance are the works of Hayao Miyazaki, the creator of Princess Monanake, Castle in the Sky, Spirited Away, Kiki’s Delivery Service among others. The success of these anime around the world made this old man, indeed a legend and a master of anime. The characters in Miyazaki’s anime are mostly change enthusiasts, dynamic and hopeful too- quite ironic in a system where change is resisted and tradition is extolled. The traditional dichotomies between the protagonist and antagonist are caricatured in a different way. Thus, Miyazaki’s anime has been treated as an escape valve from the rigidity of Japanese culture, insisting change and while the general appearance of the film is Japanese in culture and history, it tries to suggest how a country of such former colonial powers could embrace modernity with discretion as to properly choosing allies or that it is possible to be both traditional and modern. His anime presents a lot of contradictions that are not usually discussed in reality but is highly characteristic of life. Thus, its appeal to Western audience is never distracted by cultural difference instead builds a common ground between two different worlds. For instance, the prostitutes and lepers that she takes care of despite her destructive activities in the forest that threaten animal life respect Princess Monanake’s Lady Eboshi. The heroine in the Spirited Away was described by Miyazaki as successful not because she was able to defeat evil but because she was able to survive. True enough, this lack of explicit clarity in Miyazaki’s works in defining good and evil was explained by his pessimism in a world that will soon be lifeless because of man’s own doing but the children deserves a positive world view nonetheless. So, he didn’t want to use traditional stereotypes even in children’s stories at this time when tradition itself needs reexamination. Kiki’s Delivery Service and My Neighbor Totoro are both devoid of villains but are more reflective of traditional animism and Japanese culture. The challenge in life may not necessarily point to cultural differences but to the stereotypes and dichotomies that are embedded in each culture, be it Western or Japanese. This sounds Marxist but this is not surprising for someone who has been inspired by Marxism. He used to see things according to class like in Castle in the Sky, which portrays the laborers in a good light. However there are common themes that all cultures could relate to like the issue on the environment. This is why Miyazaki’s anime emphasize on environmentalism. Worshipping a tree (My Neighbor Totoro), fascination in forests, wolves, flowers and trees (Princess Monanake), and cleansing a river with spirit (Spirited Away)- these are products of Miyazaki’s childhood experience where in his hometown, the environment has been used to further economic progress despite degradation. He then configures this idea in Castle in the Sky and Nausicaa of Valley of the Wind. It projects conflict between military and nature. The former destroys culture and natural resources that endangered the inhabitants of the community. But his anime films favor anti-war principles. War is featured as destructive, merciless and futile. Another recurrent theme is his anime is feminism especially since most of his protagonists are strong-willed and independent women. Likewise, childhood is one issue that is given emphasis by Miyazaki. According to him, he worries about modern children at the same time he is concerned with how they should understand the world by keeping in contact with nature. The technologies of video games have isolated them to the real world that is why his anime centers on children’s hopeful efforts at identifying truth by wisdom. Other Japanese animation have presented varied themes but nevertheless consistent in inviting change and flexibility. Ranma ? for instance is a story about a young boy who changes into being a girl when in contact with water. Sailor Moon also has characters that are mostly bisexuals. Gender critiques and conservatives attacked this quite bold interpretation of human sexuality and gender at the same time. To some, it is proving the existence of dichotomies and differences between male and female- the fact that Ranma ? was laughed at and received funny comments about his eccentricities. However there are some who interpreted it in a humanist sense such that the anime reveals that in each person there is always the presence of feminine and masculine sides. Whichever analysis prevails, it certainly gives us the idea that Japanese anime touched the consciousness of Western society to a great extent. The influence is both in structure and in value. Filmmakers have been inspired to use themes in anime that used to be neglected in a world that was so driven by capitalistic profit and traditional conventions. This time, transformations in the light of globalization meant also giving importance to life and nature in form and substance- that despite inherent differences, unity and reconciliation is preferred. In a book entitled, Japanamerica: How Japanese Culture Has Invaded the US, Ronald Kelts explained how the 9/11 tragedy led Americans to embrace Japanese anime during a time when the government failed to represent its people resulting to death and destruction. An article by Sharon Kinsella entitled, The Japanization of European Youth tells how anime serves as a source of wisdom for the youth in Western countries while they are confused about how strong individuals must be characterized. Some may comment that Japanese anime is nothing but entertainment to Japanese who are living proofs of â€Å"all work, no play† personalities- a sort of escapism. But taken in a context where the audience is known for maturity and liberal etiquette, the impacts of Japanese anime is more than leisure related. Anime reminds people of world divinity that is difficult to remember. Thoughts on teamwork, individualism, courage, sensitivity to nature and justice are good to advocate don’t you think? For as long as Japanese anime contributes to the well being of every person in whatever nation it deserves the recognition. It might have transformed the culture in Western societies yet meaningful transformation could only take place when the audience captures the nobility that anime has been created for. For one, it is noble to transcend childish cartoon characters and give children new characters in anime that are mature and responsible. In Western society, children have been encouraged to enjoy their youth so cartoons like Tom and Jerry, Superman, etc are either made to make children laugh not to think, and whose main characters are adults trying to save children. Let us not forget that Anime is Japanese Art. Different cultures have varied forms of art but there is simply more inspiring and epic arts than others- this depends on current trends, issues and prospects. If nowadays, the whole world is affected by issues on war and terrorism, sustainability of environment, racial and gender discrimination, economic crisis- then Japanese Animation truly deserves its stance. References Gauntlett, David. Media, Gender and Identity. UK: Routledge, 2002. Izawa, Eri. â€Å"The Romantic, Passionate Japanese in Anime: A Look at the Hidden Japanese Soul†. Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2000. Kelts, Ronald. Japanamerica: How Japanese Culture Has Invaded the US. USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Kinsella, Sharon. The Japanization of European Youth. 1997. Hayao Miyazaki. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki

The Most Popular Review Essay Topics

The Most Popular Review Essay Topics Gun ownership ought to be tightly controlled. State the limitations that need to be imposed on it. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. College is an intellectual place so attempt to convince the board that you're the suitable person in their opinion. Review Essay Topics - the Story Now that you're aware that we are the ideal online essay writing service to work with, don't hesitate to stop by our site and order an essay. If you order a paper two weeks beforehand, you may only aspire to receive 7% of the cost back in the event of late shipping! Be part of our happy clients who have found the very best essay service online and are enjoying the advantages of it. Maybe you thought you learned more due to the internet format. Be mindful of the size it must be and begin writing the narrative essay outline. You're the sole person with your precise mixture of personal qualities, beliefs, values, and experiences, and therefore you don 't will need to lie or exaggerate to create your essay unique. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Life, Death and Review Essay Topics Unique things to various folks, since the situation demanded. There's always a reason behind every occasion. On the flip side, in the event that you made a great choice, focus on what influenced you to make that decision and the way it has changed you. Needless to say, you can decide on any topic, nobody could ever know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. On the flip side, some argue that the expense of college leaves students with crippling debt they'll never have the ability to repay. Students are accustomed to the fact which their professors give them with the assignment's topic. Many students think th at it is a waste of time. Well, here you'll locate unique items for every single college student. The Hidden Treasure of Review Essay Topics The only rule to follow when selecting a topic for your college essay is to pick the topic you're eager to write about. There's a good deal of questions that I would like to tackle. In case you decide you need to chat about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a superior method to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. Your solution shouldn't be a book report. Once you explore the explanations for why something happened, you should explain what you found out to the readers. You cannot do both, since it is going to be too confusing for your readers. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. The readers want to observe the huge picture. What to Expect From Review Essay Topics? Our rates are well adjusted so they can fit your financial plan. If you're applying to a college that doesn't accept the Common App, you will have to answer their precise essay questions. Morality has a collection of unsolved problems, the solution on which usually presents a selection. You'll observe a similar structure in a lot of the essays. You can pick any of the suggested topics to create an intriguing definition essay. Choosing essay topics is essential for a student. Infromation about writers is unavailable. Or perhaps you strive to write like a specific author one day. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Writing the college application essay is a challenging gig. The True Meaning of Review Essay Topics Therefore, to write a great essay you need to brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Come to think about it, it's quite simple to think about the topics if one only chooses to continue to keep his eyes and ears open. Though folks are generally considered adults at age 18, research implies that the adolescent brain isn't fully developed until age 25. Maybe you found working with children rewarding as you wish to be a teacher someday, or maybe you created your own workout regimen to acquire fit. Teens should have to take parenting classes. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age . School tests aren't effective.

Finding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay

Finding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God recognizes that there are problems to the human condition, such as the need to possess, the fear of the unknown and resulting stagnation. But Hurston does not leave us with the hopelessness of Fitzgerald or Hemingway, rather, she extends a recognition and understanding of humanitys need to escape emptiness. Dem meatskins is got tuh rattle tuh make out theys alive (183) Her solution is simple: Yuh got tuh go there tuh know there. Janie, like characters in earlier novels, sets out on a quest to make sense of her inner questionings--a void she knew she possessed from the moment she sat under the pear tree. She found an answer seeking her, but†¦show more content†¦Hurstons later life was that of the economically disadvantaged-- what Ellison, Wright, and other male black authors penned their novels in protest of. Brilliant, talented, she could not rise above the economic limits imposed on her and thus a talented anthropologist with two Guggenheims end ed up buried in an unmarked grave. Its not chance that the three main characters besides Janie are men. Hurston was writing in a society where men were still dominant in the literary field. The struggle Janie emerged from to find her inner self needed men as a catalyst. The male/female relationship cannot be duplicated with a female/female one. Logan Killicks ownership of her being could not have happened with a woman counterpart. After marrying Killicks for protection rather than love, Janie realizes that she is living Nannys dreams rather than her own. She also realizes that with protection comes obligation--Killicks feels he deserves to slap her around. With that discovery, she makes the choice to escape with Jody and his ambitious ideas. Joe seems closer to her ideal, closer to the dream of marriage that she has nourished despite opposition. Jody is complex. He represents a whole host of things, including the attempt of the black man to gain wealth and power, his effort to pattern success and failure after the model of the white man (she was proud of what she saw. Kind of portly like white folks), and the false sense of ownership that money brings.Show MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston And Of Mice And Men1508 Words   |  7 Pageswants the same things in life which are love, social acceptance and companionship, in the hope that once these things are obtained one will feel complete. In the novels Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, readers witness the characters struggle to find their identity while also trying to meet the need for partnership. 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